Programming - Graphical User Interface Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Scottish Parliament Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Scottish Parliament Building - Essay Example One of the significant reasons of undertaking the venture the executives exercises is to increase the value of a task just as to meet the set destinations so as to produce supportable advantages from the task. As per Lewis (2006) the transitory idea of ventures remains conversely withâ operations which are cadenced, semi-changeless just as lasting practical exercises with the point of delivering items or administrations. Practically speaking, the administration of these two frameworks is frequently very unique, and as such requires the advancement of particular specialized aptitudes and the executives procedures. Undertaking the executives has been rehearsed since early human advancement. Joseph (2003) specifies that making a fitting venture plan is the primary thing a firm ought to receive when undertaking any sort of task. In any case, many venture administrators neglect to understand the estimation of an undertaking plan in sparing time, cash and other related issues. There are v arious methodologies imitated by venture directors during starting an undertaking. Lewis (2006) specifies that the significant methodologies incorporate lithe, intelligent, steady, and staged methodologies. Despite the procedure utilized, venture directors must receive cautious thought so as to accomplish the general task targets. So as to accomplish the objectives of a task, it is fundamental for venture chiefs to be understandable in way they deal with their groups. It is critical to take note of that despite the fact that satisfactory monetary assets are required for a task to be fruitful, inspiration of colleagues is a significant perspective that venture directors ought not ignore. Powerful inspiration of human work power, for example through preparing and pay increase extraordinarily adds to finish of an undertaking inside the preset length. The segment beneath authentically talks about different viewpoints that prompted the achievement of Scottish Parliament. Especially, the segment will cover ideal allotment of monetary assets, appropriate arranging of time and enrollment of talented and experienced work power as the primary factors that guaranteed the achievement of Scottish Parliament. Elements that added to accomplishment in the development of Scottish Parliament There are different variables that add to a triumph or disappointment of any undertaking in progress. One of the significant perspectives that prompted the achievement in the development of Scottish Parliament was viable distribution of money related assets by the outside benefactors. As specified by Dennis (2007) it is principal for venture chiefs to imitate legitimate utilization of budgetary assets in order to maintain a strategic distance from indecencies, for example, defilement and cheats which are significant impediment of auspicious finish of an undertaking. In view of the customary money related review that was carried on during the development of the Scottish Parliament, the poten tial outcomes of event of abuse of assets were negligible. Compelling time arranging by the venture supervisors is another fundamental angle that added to the accomplishment of Scottish Parliament. Taylor (1999) portrays that disappointment by some task directors to appropriately deal with their time, is a main consideration that causes delay in the culmination of the undertaking. In such manner, administrators who were liable for the development of the Scottish Parliament guaranteed legitimate planning of exercises that were associated with the fruition of the whole task. As indicated by Taylor (1999) regardless of the reactions and a blended open response, the structure was invited by design experts and pundits.

Surprising Results on Wearing Headphones and Productivity

Surprising Results on Wearing Headphones and Productivity Headphones have become something of a necessity. Almost everyone carries a pair in their pocket or bag, and the devices have slowly inched their way into the work place.If you walk into most offices, there is a big chance that you will find a few employees sporting headphones over their ears as they work.This is especially common in offices with open plan layouts.A study of over 1000 employees and employers conducted by Cloud Cover Music found that more than half of employees regularly use headphones at work.The use of headphones at work has sparked a raging debate.One group believes that listening to music while working acts as a distraction, making employees less productive.Some companies even have an official policy against wearing headphones at work.The other group â€" people who like working while wearing headphones â€" on the other hand, believe that headphones actually make them more productive.Which of the two groups is right?Let’s take a look at the effect of wearing headp hones on productivity to find out.NOISE AND DISTRACTIONS IN THE WORKPLACEThere are several factors that contribute to people being unproductive at work.Some of these â€" such as social media use and mobile devices â€" are self-inflicted, while others are caused by the environment around your work zone.For instance, if your office building is located near a busy highway, the constant noise from passing traffic can be a huge distraction.If you are a freelancer working from home, noise from your neighbor’s music system or kids laughing outside your door can make it impossible for you to concentrate on your work.Sometimes, the distraction might even come from your co-workers.Actually, co-workers are one of the biggest sources of distraction.Very often, your co-workers will interrupt your concentration to share a joke or tell stories unrelated to work.This is especially common in offices with an open plan layout.Headphones provide an easy and effective way of keeping away such distract ions.With headphones covering your ears and some soft music playing, you are unlikely to hear the noise from traffic or the kids laughing outside your door, thereby increasing your concentration.If you are in the office, wearing headphones is as effective as sticking a “DO NOT DISTURB” note on your forehead.Your co-workers are less likely to interrupt you when have headphones over your ears.And if they do try, you are unlikely to hear them anyway.So effective is this at keeping interruptions away that some people wear headphones without necessarily listening to any music.HOW THE OPEN-PLAN OFFICE BROUGHT HEADPHONES TO THE WORKPLACEThe idea behind the open plan office layout is to foster creativity and collaboration between workers.In an open plan office layout, there is no privacy.All employees sit in the same open space and can easily talk to each other.The idea is that this will create a fertile ground for spontaneous brainstorming, leading to the flowering of innovative ideas. While the open plan layout does contribute to collaboration and creativity, it can be a productivity killer for jobs that require deep work (intense, unbroken concentration on the task at hand).To avoid being constantly being interrupted from their work by their colleagues, many people working in open plan office layouts started wearing headphones as a signal that they were busy and therefore should not be disturbed.BENEFITS OF WEARING HEADPHONES AT WORKSome of the advantages of wearing headphones at work include:Tuning Out ColleaguesDistractions are the greatest factor that keeps employees from doing their jobs, and ironically, the greatest source of distractions is other employees.Every office has a chatty employee who is constantly looking for opportunities to talk to other employees instead of engaging in his or her work.When you have some work to get done, you will obviously need to shut out such colleagues so that you can give 100% concentration to your work. Headphones are pe rfect for tuning out such colleagues.With headphones over your ears, your colleagues will be less tempted to come to you with gossip, complaints, or other conversations which only waste time.According to the study by Cloud Cover Music, 46% of the participants reported that they have used headphones as a way of avoiding conversations with colleagues so that they can concentrate on their work.In his book Deep Work, Caltech professor Cal Newport talks about the necessity of eliminating all distractions and immersing yourself deeply into cognitively difficult tasks.Cal Newport says that in the modern world with its constant distractions, the ability to engage in deep work on a daily basis is akin to a super power, one of the most valuable skills in this century.In a typical open-plan office, it is next to impossible to carve out time for deep work. Cal Newport explains that deep work only happens when you work for an extended period without interruptions.Interruptions steal your focus. By the time you get back in the groove, you realize you have lost a lot of precious time.Examples of jobs that require deep introspection and long hours of concentration to come up with creative solutions include jobs such as coding and writing.For people working in such jobs, headphones are a universally recognized code for “I am busy. Talk later.”Some people don’t even listen to any music.All they do is put on the headphones and concentrate on their work. When you have headphones on, people will only call for your attention if they have something urgent and important to tell you.The use of headphones as a way of avoiding conversations with coworkers differs from industry to industry.Employees working in the technology, transportation, marketing and advertising and scientific industries are more likely to use headphones to tune out coworkers, as well as people working in warehousing and government and public administration.Aside from tuning out chatty colleagues, headphones a re also good for canceling outside noises that might be distracting you, such as noise from traffic or a colleague who is on phone.According to the survey by Cloud Cover Music, about 30% of employees regularly use headphones primarily for blocking outside noise.Enhanced Mood And Increased CreativityAccording to University of Miami associate professor of music education and music therapy Teresa Lesiuk, there is a strong link between listening to music you like and good moods.According to Lesiuk, when you listen to music you like leads to mild positive moods.Being in such mood states allows you to take in more options, which can in turn increase your creativity.Nice music also activates your brain’s pleasure centers, which in turn stimulates your thinking areas and leads to improved creative problem solving capabilities.Gets You in the ZoneThe Zone is a term that is mostly used when referring to athletes. When Kobe or James Harden is having a good day out on the court, we say he was in the zone.It’s not just athletes who have access to this state of mind, though.Anyone who is skillful at a particular task can find themselves drifting off into the zone and working at an elite level that feels as if they have some superhuman powers.When you are in the zone, it seems like you can do no mistakes. Everything you do goes right.If you are writing a report or an article, insights and the perfect words drop into your head seemingly from thin air, with practically no gap between the idea forming in your head and your fingers typing it down.When you are in the zone, it feels is as if your body and your mind have become one, and there is absolutely no space between ideation and execution, no doubts, no hesitation, just perfect clarity and courage.You lose sense of space and time and become fully immersed in whatever you are doing. You also experience a high, a heightened pleasure.Believe it or not, being in the zone is a psychologically proven state of mind. The psychol ogist CsíkszentmihályiMihály was the first to conduct detailed study into this highly focused mental state, which he named “flow”.The professional definition of flow is a mental state of operation which enables a person to be fully immersed in an activity, experiencing a feeling of energized focus, total involvement, and taking enjoyment in the process of the activity.You might be wondering about the connection between being in the zone and headphones.In order to get into this highly focused mental state, you first need a deep concentration on whatever task you are working on.However, it is next to impossible to achieve such levels of concentration in a noisy, disruptive environment.Some people use headphones to block these external distractions and deeply concentrate on their work, which in turn allows them to get into the zone and become super-productive.Increased ProductivityHaving music playing in your ears can boost on your productivity, especially when you listen to mus ic that has no lyrics.Classical music is a good example.Music that only consists of instruments is great because lyrics tend to distract you.The only time music that has lyrics can help boost your productivity is if you listen to the same playlist over and over again when you are working until it becomes so repetitive that it recedes in the background.Listening to music as your work is motivating and puts you in the mood to be active, which in turn pushes you to put more effort into your work.Of course, this will depend on the type of music you are listening to.Certain types of music might also make you meditative, and are useful when you are doing cognition-heavy tasks.When listening to music with the aim of boosting your productivity, the music should not be new or strange to your ear.It should be something that is highly familiar to you, which is why we advise listening to the same playlist over and over.The music recedes into the background and unobtrusively motivates you, drive s you, helps you immerse deeply into your work with zero distractions even when your environment is noisy.Music Makes Some Tasks BearableWhile most jobs today require a lot of concentration, there are still jobs that require one to perform relatively mundane tasks that don’t require much thought or focus.For instance, someone doing data entry does not require intense concentration on their work.When doing such tasks, your mind can easily wander.After 20 minutes, you realize that you have been daydreaming and haven’t done anything.Donning your headphones and playing some music can help make such tasks more enjoyable and bearable, allowing you to finish the work faster.TYPES OF MUSIC THAT BOOST PRODUCTIVITY As I have mentioned, not all types of music are appropriate for productivity.Various studies have shown that some types of music can be more beneficial in encouraging creativity, blocking out background distractions, and relieving feelings of stress to help you concentrate bett er compared to others.The following six types of music will help give your productivity a boost:Classical MusicA research conducted by J. S. Jenkins found that classical music can help people become more efficient at performing tasks. This theory is referred to as “the Mozart Effect”.According to the theory, when you listen to classical music compositions, your brain activity is enhanced, which can in turn be a catalyst for improving your productivity.Several other studies have confirmed that listening to classical composers like Beethoven and Mozart enhances your ability to manipulate shapes and solve spatial puzzles.Furthermore, classical music typically consists of instruments only and no lyrics.Lyrics are distracting. Certain compositions also help students concentrate on their studies longer and retain more information. Baroque music, a form of classical music, has also been shown to help increase the mood and concentration of radiologists in their work.Nature MusicImagine the sound of waves crashing on rocks by the sea shore or a trickling, babbling brook rushing down a mountain side. The sounds of nature are soothing and meditative.Listening to them puts you in a calm, relaxed state of mind. They enable you to focus on your tasks. On the other hand, jarring nature noises such as animal noises and bird calls can be distracting.Research done at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute has shown that natural sounds help boost your mood and focus.According to the study, people are more productive and have more positive feelings when nature sounds are playing in the background as they work.This explains why writers and painters are historically known for retreating to the countryside or the beach or a wood cabin to immerse themselves in their work.You can download nature music on internet sites such as YouTube and try it out when you are working.One of the benefits of nature music is that the sounds of nature mask the harsh, distracting noises like people ar ound you chatting or typing, without themselves distracting you.Therefore, listening to nature sounds as you work can help improve your productivity and enhance your cognitive abilities.Cinematic MusicFilm scores are also brilliant music to listen to while working.Think about the trailers of adventure, action, or epic movies, such as The Lord of the Rings score.Many of these cinematic music tracks are inspiring and have an epic sound to them.They are grandiose and magnificent. Imagine listening to that when working.Even when performing the most mundane tasks, the grandeur of the music makes you feel as though you are involved in something that will change the world.Cinematic music helps motivate you. It lifts your spirits and brightens you mood.If you have been working for long hours and your ardor is flagging, playing an inspiring cinematic music track on your headphones will heighten your focus and motivation, and put you back in the game.Video Game MusicThis might sound like an o dd suggestion, but video game music is actually a great focus tool.You see, every element in a video game is designed to create an immersive gaming experience that hijacks all your senses.Video game music is designed to help a gamer focus on the game without getting distracted by the external environment.It does not contain any lyrics or human voices to distract you. It is fast-paced, so it puts you in a mood to be active and relentless at your tasks.Consider that video games consist of puzzles and simulated, intense, stressful challenges. In spite of all these, gamers are able to enter a state of hyper-focus and perform at a heightened state of mind.Video game companies invest resources to develop the ideal music that can help you focus on a task for hours.Video game music can, therefore, come in handy even in a regular workplace to help an employee focus on work and boost productivity.HEADPHONES ARE NOT GOOD IN ALL KINDS OF JOBSWhile wearing headphones will help boost productivity in some jobs, this does not mean that wearing headphones is good in all types of jobs.In some jobs, it is advisable to avoid using headphones while working.These types of jobs include:Intrapersonal JobsThese are jobs that rely on interactions with other people.A good example of intrapersonal jobs include customer service and sales.When you work in such jobs that requires you to be on constant interactions with other people, your attention should be on these other people, not on your own thoughts.For instance, as a customer service rep, you should be attentive to your environment, listen to customers, and anticipate the need of customers before they voice them.The same is true of secretaries who should at all times be attentive to the office environment, be alert to receive phone calls, and anticipate their boss’s needs.For people in such jobs, always having their headphones on will hinder their interactions with other people, which in turn interferes with their ability to do thei r jobs satisfactorily.Physically Risky JobsMost office jobs are not physically involving, therefore there is little risk of physical danger resulting from lack of awareness of your immediate environment.Other jobs, however, are more physically involving and come with a certain level of physical risk.A good example of a physically risky job is any job that involves the use of machinery.For instance, anyone who works in a factory is at a high risk of injury, should anything unexpected happen.The same is true of jobs that involve working with chemicals.Physically risky jobs require workers to be highly alert to their environment at every moment.In such jobs, wearing headphones presents a risk instead of boosting productivity.For instance, if a fire broke out at a factory, which is highly likely, a worker wearing headphones might miss the fire alarm, thereby putting his life in danger.Similarly, someone wearing headphones in a warehouse might not be alert to an oncoming forklift, thus p utting himself at risk of injury.Another good example of a physically risky job is driving.A driver or someone riding a motorbike would put their life at risk if they put on headphones when they are on the road.Such a person should always remain alert and aware of what is happening on the road.WRAPPING UPUltimately, the debate on whether headphones should be worn at work or not boils down to personal choice.Some people find that they are more productive when they have their headphones on, while others will find listening to music while working to be disruptive.The kind of music to listen to when working will also vary from person to person.Some people will be more productive when listening to soft rock music, while others might will prefer hip hop, and yet others will prefer classical music.If you feel that your work environment is full of distractions and chatty colleagues that you would like to avoid, donning earphones can be a good way of doing this.Even if you don’t find liste ning to music to be a boost to your productivity, you can still cancel outside noises and stop colleagues from disturbing you by wearing headphones without any music playing.However, if you work in any job that requires constant alertness and awareness of your environment, you should avoid wearing headphones at work.

Example Sentences of the English Verb To Keep

This page provides example sentences of the English verb Keep in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Base Form keep / Past Simple kept / Past Participle kept / Gerund keeping Present Simple She keeps all her birthday cards every year. Present Simple Passive The key is kept by the doorman. Present Continuous He is currently keeping up the house while his parents are away. Present Continuous Passive The house is being kept up by Jason while his parents are away. Present Perfect Im afraid I havent kept up with the news recently. Present Perfect Passive The information has been kept up to date by Alice. Present Perfect Continuous We have been keeping bees for the last few years. Past Simple She kept a diary while she was on holiday. Past Simple Passive A journal was kept by the teacher on each student. Past Continuous They were keeping watch over the house when it was broken into by thieves. Past Continuous Passive The house was being kept watch over by the Wilsons when it was broken into by thieves. Past Perfect The had kept an expense journal before they moved to New York. Past Perfect Passive An expense journal had been kept before they moved to New York. Past Perfect Continuous We had been keeping up with the Jones before they moved to Los Angeles. Future (Will) She will keep the children while we are away. Future (Will) Passive The children will be kept by Cheryl while we are away. Future (Going to) Cheryl is going to keep the children during the holidays. Future (Going to) Passive The children are going to be kept by Cheryl during the holidays. Future Continuous They will be keeping a record of the meeting tomorrow afternoon. Future Perfect Janice will have been kept up to date so you can ask her. Future Possibility She might keep that present. Real Conditional If she keeps up exercising, she will be in great shape. Unreal Conditional If she kept up exercising, she would be in great shape. Past Unreal Conditional If she had kept up exercising, she would have been in great shape. Present Modal She should keep up with the class. Past Modal Harry might have kept up with the developments. Quiz: Conjugate With Keep Use the verb to keep to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. She _____ the children while we are away.She _____ a diary while she was on holiday.The_____ an expense journal before they moved to New York.Janice _____ up to date so you can ask her.If she _____ up exercising, she would have been in great shape.The key _____ by the doorman.We _____ bees for the last few years.A journal _____ by the teacher on each student.Im afraid I _____ up with the news recently.Cheryl _____ the children during the holidays. Thats the plan. Quiz Answers will keepkepthad keptwill have been kepthad keptis kepthave been keepingwas kepthavent keptis going to keep

Analysis Of Darkness And `` Darkness `` - 1968 Words

For the purpose of examination, I’m going to look more closely as the section of this vignette starting with â€Å"But something deep and powerful†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and ending with â€Å"†¦he’ll know too much too soon about what’s going to happen to him (Baldwin 13),† however the entire memory beginning at the bottom of page 12 and continuing to the bottom of page 13 are relevant in contextualizing and setting the scene for this analysis. The reoccurring theme within this passage is â€Å"darkness†, reappearing three times in the highlighted eight sentences, but the reality of it looms over the entire section. The question becomes whether this is referring to a physical darkness, or a more theoretical darkness. And if the latter is the case, what is represented by the†¦show more content†¦Darkness, as presented here, relates to similar concepts presented in Notes of a Native Son and The Man Who Killed a Shadow, by Baldwin and Richard Wrig ht respectively. In The Man Who Killed a Shadow, shadows become a central theme, specifically referring to the power white individuals have over the stories and experiences of black people. Like darkness in Baldwin’s text, shadows are animated, given power over black individuals within Wright’s world. In one example, the narrator claimed that he â€Å"felt that the shadows would some day claim him as he had seen them claim others (Wright 188),† promoting the shadows to something with enough influence to extend this sense of danger over others apart from the narrator himself. In other words, the narrator implies that his fear and loathing towards the shadows isn’t individualistic, but shared, and potentially universal among those who claim a similar racial identity as him. Additionally, within another one of Baldwin’s own short stories, Notes of a Native Son presents a combined concept of disease and bitterness to represent the struggles faced by a black, male narrator. Here the disease created a sort of blind rage, a hot bitterness against a system that denied the narrator equal opportunities because of his identity. Baldwin states that â€Å"once this disease is contracted, one can never be really carefree again, for the fever, without anShow MoreRelatedDarkness Poem Analysis1452 Words   |  6 Pagesexist from nothing? Lord Byron’s poem, â€Å"Darkness,† brings about the concept of battling darkness with light, trying to bring light out of darkness only to prove to be futile. Byron not only starts off immediately contradicting himself, but continuously does so throughout the poem through his particular use of vocabulary. His word choice ultimately shows how he cannot determine what he means, since everything he says is followed by an opposite. 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As StyronRead MoreAnalysis Of Out Of Darkness 1792 Words   |  8 Pages Out Of Darkness Stationary in the pulse of darkness, it’s as though he’s evolved out of nothing, fully formed, unencumbered. Despite it being some hours before dawn, he is not tired, nor is his conscience troubled. In fact, he’s alert and empty-headed and inexplicably elated. With no decision made, no motivation at all, he had moved toward the nearest of three bedroom windows and experienced such ease and freedom in his tread, that he suspects at once he’s dreaming. Dreams do not interest him;Read MoreAnalysis Of Fences And Heart Of Darkness 964 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica such as racism and poverty. When we read about African American literature in school, we read about empowerment and pride. 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This event caused many authors to suspect that this eruption, and the following weather events, was a sign thatRead MoreAn Analysis of Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesAn Analysis of Conrads Heart of Darkness In the twentieth century, nihilistic themes, such as moral degeneratio n, mans bestial instincts at the core of the soul, and cosmic purposelessness, haveRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Heart Of Darkness Essay1918 Words   |  8 Pageschallenges for L2 learners regarding, for example, which nouns are countable or uncountable in English since countability, while very important, can be difficult to quantify. An example regarding the use of the article would be the novel Heart of Darkness. Not having an article at the beginning of this title appears more a matter of style than grammar, and also is a characteristic of headlines, titles, and names. So while conventionally a countable noun (such as heart) needs a determiner (the, a,Read MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Heart Of Darkness 1693 Words   |  7 PagesRead The Book Watch The Movie Essay - Heart of Darkness An arrow pierced the Helmsman’s chest and he fell to the deck. Captain Marlow hastily took the wheel. As he navigated the steamboat up the Congo River, his feet began to feel warm and sticky. He looked down and realized that his shoes were filled with the fallen helmsman’s blood. He quickly discarded his shoes, and in order to prevent the cannibal crew from eating the body, Marlow had to dump him overboard into the brown, foreboding water. This

Corrosion is a natural process Free Essays

Materials corrode due to the deterioration caused by its interaction with its environment. It is the process in which metallic atoms form compound in the presence of water and gases. (Machinery’s Handbook 29th edition, â€Å"Corrosion is an irreversible interracial reaction of a material (metal, 2013) ceramic, polymer) with its environment which results in its consumption or dissolution into the material of a component of the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Corrosion is a natural process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Often, but not necessarily, corrosion results in effects detrimental to the usage of the material considered. Exclusively physical or mechanical processes such as melting and evaporation, abrasion or mechanical fracture are not included in the term corrosion. â€Å"( Advances in Corrosion Engineering Lecture 1, 2013) Corrosion and erosion is two different things. Corrosion can’t be caused by physical causes unlike erosion, galling or wear. Chemical attack accompanies physical deterioration as described by the terms: corrosion erosion, corrosive wear, fretting corrosion. Plastics may swell or crack , wood may split or decay, granite may erode, Portland cement may leach away. But the term corrosion is presently restricted to chemical attack of metals. Rusting is only applied to the corrosion of iron or iron base alloys with formation of corrosion products consisting largely of hydrous ferric oxides. Nonferrous metals, therefore, corrode but do not rust. (Corrosion and Corrosion control, 2013) There are three significant reasons of studying corrosion. The first area of significance is economic which includes the objective of reducing material losses resulting from the corrosion of piping, tanks, metal components of machines, ships, bridges, marine structures and so on. The second area is improved safety of operating equipment which may be hindered by corrosion and will lead to dictatorship consequences. The last significance is conservation, applied primarily to metal resources which is limited in this world, and the wastage of them includes corresponding losses of energy and water reserves associated with the production and fabrication of metal structures. The least important reason is the accompanying conservation of human effort entering the design and rebuilding of corroded metal equipment, otherwise available for socially useful purposes. Corrosion and Corrosion There are five facts in the process of corrosion formation. First, ions are involved and need a medium to move in (usually water). Second, oxygen is involved and needs to be supplied. Third, the metal has to be willing to give up electrons to start the process. Fourth, A new material is formed and this may react again or could be protective of the original metal . Fifth, A series of simple steps are involved and a driving force is needed to achieve them. The most important fact is that interfering with the steps allows the corrosion reaction to be stopped or slowed to a manageable rate. Beginners Guide to Corrosion , 2003) There are two basic types of corrosion namely uniform and localized corrosion. Uniform corrosion occurs veer the majority of the surface of a metal at a steady and often predictable rate. Although it is unsightly its predictability facilitates easy control, the most basic method being to make the material thick enough to function for the lifetime of the component. Localized corrosion can deal a more severe damage than uniform surprisingly short period of use or exposure. There are thirteen types of localized corrosion namely galvanic corrosion, pitting corrosion, selective attack, stray current corrosion, microbial corrosion, intracellular corrosion, concentration cell corrosion, harmonically corrosion, corrosion caused by combined action, corrosion fatigue, fretting corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and hydrogen damage. (Beginners Guide Cost of corrosion and its control experienced by one pulp to Corrosion, 2003) and paper company was estimated to be 20 million dollars annually. The United States alone have total combined losses of corrosion estimated conservatively to be about 70 billion dollars annually, or 4. 2% of the gross national product . It has been estimated that about 15% of this total could be avoided if currently available corrosion technology were effectively applied. Studies of the cost of corrosion to Australia, Great Britain, Japan, and other countries have also been carried out. In each country studied, the cost of corrosion is approximately 3-4% of the GNP. Corrosion and Corrosion Control, 2013) Indirect losses are more difficult to assess, but a brief survey of typical losses of this kind compels the conclusion that they also cost several billion of dollars. Indirect losses are divided into five which are shutdown, loss of product, loss of efficiency, contamination of product, overdressing. The shutdown of corroded equipments can cost a lot while repairs is underway. Loss of products occur through corroded pipe systems until repairs are m ade. How to cite Corrosion is a natural process, Essays

Corrosion is a natural process Free Essays

Materials corrode due to the deterioration caused by its interaction with its environment. It is the process in which metallic atoms form compound in the presence of water and gases. (Machinery’s Handbook 29th edition, â€Å"Corrosion is an irreversible interracial reaction of a material (metal, 2013) ceramic, polymer) with its environment which results in its consumption or dissolution into the material of a component of the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Corrosion is a natural process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Often, but not necessarily, corrosion results in effects detrimental to the usage of the material considered. Exclusively physical or mechanical processes such as melting and evaporation, abrasion or mechanical fracture are not included in the term corrosion. â€Å"( Advances in Corrosion Engineering Lecture 1, 2013) Corrosion and erosion is two different things. Corrosion can’t be caused by physical causes unlike erosion, galling or wear. Chemical attack accompanies physical deterioration as described by the terms: corrosion erosion, corrosive wear, fretting corrosion. Plastics may swell or crack , wood may split or decay, granite may erode, Portland cement may leach away. But the term corrosion is presently restricted to chemical attack of metals. Rusting is only applied to the corrosion of iron or iron base alloys with formation of corrosion products consisting largely of hydrous ferric oxides. Nonferrous metals, therefore, corrode but do not rust. (Corrosion and Corrosion control, 2013) There are three significant reasons of studying corrosion. The first area of significance is economic which includes the objective of reducing material losses resulting from the corrosion of piping, tanks, metal components of machines, ships, bridges, marine structures and so on. The second area is improved safety of operating equipment which may be hindered by corrosion and will lead to dictatorship consequences. The last significance is conservation, applied primarily to metal resources which is limited in this world, and the wastage of them includes corresponding losses of energy and water reserves associated with the production and fabrication of metal structures. The least important reason is the accompanying conservation of human effort entering the design and rebuilding of corroded metal equipment, otherwise available for socially useful purposes. Corrosion and Corrosion There are five facts in the process of corrosion formation. First, ions are involved and need a medium to move in (usually water). Second, oxygen is involved and needs to be supplied. Third, the metal has to be willing to give up electrons to start the process. Fourth, A new material is formed and this may react again or could be protective of the original metal . Fifth, A series of simple steps are involved and a driving force is needed to achieve them. The most important fact is that interfering with the steps allows the corrosion reaction to be stopped or slowed to a manageable rate. Beginners Guide to Corrosion , 2003) There are two basic types of corrosion namely uniform and localized corrosion. Uniform corrosion occurs veer the majority of the surface of a metal at a steady and often predictable rate. Although it is unsightly its predictability facilitates easy control, the most basic method being to make the material thick enough to function for the lifetime of the component. Localized corrosion can deal a more severe damage than uniform surprisingly short period of use or exposure. There are thirteen types of localized corrosion namely galvanic corrosion, pitting corrosion, selective attack, stray current corrosion, microbial corrosion, intracellular corrosion, concentration cell corrosion, harmonically corrosion, corrosion caused by combined action, corrosion fatigue, fretting corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and hydrogen damage. (Beginners Guide Cost of corrosion and its control experienced by one pulp to Corrosion, 2003) and paper company was estimated to be 20 million dollars annually. The United States alone have total combined losses of corrosion estimated conservatively to be about 70 billion dollars annually, or 4. 2% of the gross national product . It has been estimated that about 15% of this total could be avoided if currently available corrosion technology were effectively applied. Studies of the cost of corrosion to Australia, Great Britain, Japan, and other countries have also been carried out. In each country studied, the cost of corrosion is approximately 3-4% of the GNP. Corrosion and Corrosion Control, 2013) Indirect losses are more difficult to assess, but a brief survey of typical losses of this kind compels the conclusion that they also cost several billion of dollars. Indirect losses are divided into five which are shutdown, loss of product, loss of efficiency, contamination of product, overdressing. The shutdown of corroded equipments can cost a lot while repairs is underway. Loss of products occur through corroded pipe systems until repairs are m ade. How to cite Corrosion is a natural process, Essays